Inteligencia artificial, autonomía decisional y pensamiento crítico en la educación superior: Evidencia de una revisión sistemática
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La incorporación de inteligencia artificial en educación superior ha generado oportunidades de personalización, retroalimentación y apoyo al aprendizaje, pero preocupaciones sobre la dependencia tecnológica y sus efectos en las capacidades cognitivas superiores. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de la dependencia tecnológica de la IA sobre el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y la autonomía en la toma de decisiones de los estudiantes en entornos académicos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo las directrices PRISMA, mediante una búsqueda en Scopus y la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión para identificar investigaciones sobre IA, pensamiento crítico, autonomía, toma de decisiones y dependencia tecnológica en educación superior. Se incorporaron 73 artículos, cuyos hallazgos fueron organizados en cuatro ejes: efectos sobre el pensamiento crítico, efectos sobre la autonomía decisional, factores moderadores y estrategias de mitigación. Los resultados evidenciaron que la IA puede mejorar la eficiencia, la personalización, la generación de alternativas y la retroalimentación; sin embargo, cuando sustituye la comprensión, el análisis, la verificación y la decisión final, favorece el aprendizaje superficial, la sobreconfianza, la reducción de la autoeficacia y la pérdida de autonomía cognitiva. Se identificó que la alfabetización en IA, la mediación docente, los conocimientos previos, el diseño de tareas, la claridad normativa y la retirada progresiva del apoyo moderan estos efectos. Se concluye que la IA fortalece las competencias decisionales solo cuando funciona como andamiaje y no como sustituto del razonamiento, por lo que su integración debe preservar la responsabilidad cognitiva y decisional del estudiante
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